hypoparathyroidism

etiology:

idiopathic
secondary: surgery, I-131 therapy (rare), radiation, hemmorhage, infection, thyroid Ca, hemochromatosis

physical findings:

xray findings:

premature closing of epiphyses
generalized increased bone density in 9%
- localized thickening of the skull
- sacroiliac, femoral head, acetabulum
- band like density in metaphyses of long bones (25%)
- thickened lamina dura and widened diploe
soft tissue abnormalities
- intracranial calcifications (basal ganglia, choroid plexus)
- calcification of spinal and other ligaments
- subcutaneous calcifications; ectopic bone formation
- ossification of muscle insertions